HispanicBusiness

Thanks to the Great Recession, poverty in America has increased in recent years.

So what are the best ways to avoid falling into poverty?

The Brookings Institution has spent a great deal of effort studying this issue.

And presidential candidate Rick Santorum has been quoting their findings on the campaign trail.

Brookings whittled down a lot of analysis into three simple rules. You can avoid poverty by:

1. Graduating from high school.

2. Waiting to get married until after 21 and do not have children till after being married.

3. Having a full-time job.

If you do all those three things, your chance of falling into poverty is just 2 percent. Meanwhile, you'll have a 74 percent chance of being in the middle class.

APPLIES TO EVERYONE

These rules apply to all races and ethnic groups. Breaking these rules is becoming more commonplace, unfortunately, for all racial groups.

By contrast, young adults who violated all three norms -- dropped out, got married before 21 and had children out of wedlock and didn't have a full-time job -- had a 76 percent chance of winding up in poverty and a 7 percent chance of winding up in the middle class.

Ron Haskins, co-author of the Brookings study, looked at census information.

He called the results "astounding," noting that it's time to emphasize the role that personal decisions have on staying out of the poorhouse.

As he said on the Brookings website: "The figures on investing and spending demonstrate that government is already doing a lot. A typical child from a poor family enjoys income and housing support for their family, health care, preschool education, public school education, college loans or scholarships, and employment and training programs, to name a few of the prominent government programs."

IT'S PERSONAL

But personal decisions trump anything the government can do.

As Haskins notes, a typical child from a poor family already receives income and housing support, health care, preschool education, college aid and employment training programs.

"I raise this study because as the nation's economy appears to be gaining steam," Haskins said, "the Occupy movements and other domestic problems continue to stimulate lots of talk about the lack of opportunity in America, and federal and state social programs continue (or not) their slow progress toward effectiveness, it seems timely to emphasize the role of personal responsibility in the fight to promote opportunity.

"But unless adolescents and young adults make wise decisions about their schooling, about marriage before childbearing and about work, our Brookings study strongly suggests that all this programmatic spending will do little to boost their chances of moving into the middle class."

The so-called middle class values of hard work, perseverance and delaying gratification are the cornerstones of the Harlem Children's Zone program.

Some families have these values as if they are in the water; others need to be taught them.

But they are the essence of the American ideals that hard work will pay off.

The pursuit of happiness is the only promise.

"Federal and state policymakers, program operators and teachers, and parents need to constantly remind themselves and their children that personal responsibility is the key to success and insist that children and adolescents demonstrate more of it," Haskins wrote.

"Arguing that bad decisions are understandable when made by a child from a poor, single-parent family living in a bad neighborhood and attending a lousy school is a flimsy excuse that abets the problem.

"Without a relentless emphasis on personal responsibility, the billions of dollars we spend on government programs will continue to produce mediocre results, and opportunity in America will continue to stagnate."

POVERTY INCREASES

The official poverty rate in 2010 was 15.1 percent, up from 14.3 percent in 2009.

- The poverty rate in 2010 was the highest rate since 1993 but still lower than the poverty rate in 1959.

- In 2010, 46.2 million people were poor.

- The poverty rate increased for every ethnic group.

- Non-Hispanic whites: 9.9 percent.

- Blacks: 27.4 percent.

- Hispanics: 26.6 percent.

- The only age category that did not see a marked increase in poverty was people age 65 and older.

MEASURING POVERTY

- The census bureau sets thresholds that vary by family size and composition.

- Income before taxes is included, such as earnings and unemployment compensation. Not included are non-cash benefits like food stamps.

- Geography is not a factor.

- The rate is meant as a statistical yardstick, not what a family needs to live.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau