Eleanor Harrison-Buck has spent years researching the people of
Mesoamerica -- studying the structure of their societies, and learning about
their architecture and analyzing the role of religious ideology in their
lives.
But lately, she's been spending a surprising amount of time talking about
the Mayan calendar.
A mistaken idea that the Mayan calendar predicts an apocalyptic event
will take place in December 2012 has taken root in popular culture, even
though it's been debunked by new archaeological evidence, as well as academic
experts.
Tales of a doomsday event occurring in 2012 are still running rampant in
print, on television and online. The myth was also at the center of a major
Hollywood film, adding more fuel to the fire.
About one in 10 Americans now reports feeling genuine anxiety about the
prospect of a cataclysmic event occurring before the end of the year,
according to a study conducted earlier this year.
"It is one of the first questions that comes up, not only among my
students, but also among the general public and friends," said Harrison-Buck,
an assistant professor of archaeology at the University of New Hampshire. "You
know, I can't tell you how many reporters have called me and asked me, 'Is the
world going to end?"
As the clock winds down to Dec. 21, experts on the Mayan calendar have
been racing to convince people that the Mayas didn't predict an apocalypse for
the end of this year. Earlier this year, archaeologists, anthropologists and
others met in Mexico to discuss the implications of the myth.
The Maya calendar is a product of the 365 day solar calendar, which was
shared throughout Mesoamerica. The Maya didn't develop it, according to
Harrison-Buck, but they did elaborate on it. They also had a shorter ritual
calendar, and the combination of the two produced a repeated cycle of 52
years, known as a "calendar round."
For calculating dates beyond this 52-year period, the Maya and other
cultures across Mesoamerica used the so-called "long count" calendar. This
calendar is divided into periods of 394 years, called "baktuns." The calendar
fixes a given date within a period of 13 baktuns, known as the "great cycle."
Researchers believe the great cycle of 13 baktuns started in 3,114 BC,
meaning the period would end on date generally accepted as Dec. 21, 2012. That
date is said to be the end of the "great cycle" of 13 baktuns.
Experts say 13 was a significant number for the Mayas, and the end of
that cycle would be a milestone -- but not an end.
The Maya saw time and space as a cyclical process, Harrison-Buck said.
Researchers have determined this from hieroglyphics, and also from the Popol
Vuh, the Maya creation story. The end of one time cycle in the long count
calendar is more akin to a New Year's celebration than a doomsday, she said.
"While they didn't talk a lot about what events might accompany the end
of this date, we know from period-ending celebrations in other, smaller
bundles of time ... that they were certainly seen as times of destruction, but
also renewal," she said.
The Mayas, whose "classic" culture of writing, astronomy and temple
complexes flourished from A.D. 300 to 900, were extremely interested in future
events, far beyond Dec. 21.
By contrast, apocalyptic visions have been common for more than 1,000
years in Western, Christian thinking, and are not native to Mayan thought.
People interpreting the calendar incorrectly have proposed that the Maya
were privy to knowledge about impending astronomical disasters, ranging from
explosive storms on the surface of the sun that could knock out power grids to
a galactic alignment that could trigger a reversal in Earth's magnetic field.
"It's become a snowballing process," NASA astrobiologist David Morrison,
who has been trying to debunk the Mayan calendar myth, said during a recent
NASA videoconference. "It's gone viral. There's nothing logical about why
these different calamities should be associated with Dec. 21, but that's the
situation that we're in."
For about a decade, Morrison has been answering questions from the public
at NASA's "Ask an Astrobiologist" webpage. In the last few years, the real
science questions have been overwhelmed by questions about a 2012 doomsday.
Morrison believes there are literally millions of people who think the
world will end next, including many children. Some have even said they are
contemplating suicide, Morrison said.
"While it's a joke to many people and a mystery to others, there is a
core of people who are truly concerned, and I think it's appropriate that we
should answer these questions that are being sent to us," he said.
Some of the most convincing evidence disproving the Mayan calendar myth
emerged during an archaeological dig in Guatemala earlier this year. A Boston
University professor and his team found a mural painted inside a residence
that includes a calendar with predictions of dates thousands of years after
the end of the 13th baktun.
Fellow BU professor Curtis Runnels said the Mayan calendar myth appears
to share some similarities with other great hoaxes of the past.
Runnels, an archaeology professor who teaches a course on historical
myths and mysteries, recalled reading similar doomsday scenarios spelled out
in newspaper stories when he was a child. He suggested that deep down, most
people understand the stories are fiction, and value them only for
entertainment.
"People like sensation," he explained. "They like mystery."
During NASA's videoconference last week, Andrew Fraknoi, a science
educator from Foothill College in Los Altos Hills, Calif., suggested that the
Mayan calendar myth has exposed one real concern facing our country in the
near future: a low regard for science education.
"It's really sad that so many people are worried and writing to David
Morrison," he said. "It's really sad that our schools have not taught
skeptical thinking."
The Associated Press contributed to this report.
